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DIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BULLETIN 

Issued Weekly 

. ol. XVIII May 9, 1921 No. 36 

[Entered as second-class matter December 11, 1912, at the post office at Urbana. Illinois, under the 
Act ol August 24, 1912. Acceptance lor mailing at the special rate ol postage provided 
lor In section 1103, Act ol October 3, 1917, authorized July 31, 19181 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF 
SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 

BY 

H. F. YANCEY 

AND 

THOMAS FRASER 

Illinois Coal Mining Investigations Cooperative Agreement 

(This Report was Prepared under a Cooperative Agreement between the 
U. S. Bureau of Mines, the Engineering Experiment Station of 
the University of Illinois, and the Illinois State 
Geological Survey Division) 



BULLETIN No. 125 


ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 

Published by the University of Illinois, Urbana 


European Agent 
Chapman & Hall, Ltd., London 









I 


T HE Engineering Experiment Station was established by act of 
the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois on Decem¬ 
ber 8, 1903. It is the purpose of the Station to conduct 
investigations and make studies of importance to the engineering, 
manufacturing, railway, mining, and other industrial interests of the 
State. 

The management of the Engineering Experiment Station is vested 
in an Executive Staff composed of the Director and his Assistant, the 
Heads of the several Departments in the College of Engineering, and 
the Professor of Industrial Chemistry. This Staff is responsible for 
the establishment of general policies governing the work of the Station, 
including the approval of material for publication. All members of 
the teaching staff of the College are encouraged to engage in scientific 
research, either directly or in cooperation with the Kesearch Corps 
composed of full-time research assistants, research graduate assistants, 
and special investigators. 

The volume and number at the top of the front cover page are 
merely arbitrary numbers and refer to the general publications of 
the University of Illinois; either above the title or below the seal is 
given the number of the Engineering Experiment Station bulletin 
or circular which should be used in referring to these publications. 

The present bulletin is issued under a cooperative agreement 
between the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of 
Illinois, the State Geological Survey, and the United States Bureau 
of Mines. The reports of this cooperative investigation are issued 
in the form of bulletins by the Engineering Experiment Station, the 
State Geological Survey and the United States Bureau of Mines. 
For bulletins issued by the Engineering Experiment Station, address 
Engineering Experiment Station, Urbana, Illinois; for those issued 
by the State Geological Survey, address State Geological Survey, 
Urbana, Illinois; and for those issued by the United States Bureau 
of Mines, address the Director, United States Bureau of Mines, 
Washington, D. C. 


UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 


ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


Bulletin No. 125 


May, 1921 


THE 

DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR 

IN THE COAL BED 


BY 


IT FWANCRY 


ERRATA 

Page 11, par. 2, line 7 \ for “ mine ” read “ nine.” 

Page 12, line 1: for “ certified ” read “ confirmed.” 

Page 24, lines 10 and 12 :for “ 1.30(1.00-x)5x” read “ 1.30(1.00-x) + 5x.” 

Page 29,par. 2, line 5: omit “and the dotted line fine disseminated pyritic sulphur.” 
For data on fine disseminated pyritic sulphur see Tables A, C, G, [, P,S,and 
T. Appendix I. 

Page 30, line 4: for “ Fig. 6” read “ Fig. 5.” 

Page 34, lines 2 and 3: for “Fig. 6: A, B, C, D, E, and F, and Fig. 7: G, H, I, J, 

K, and L” read ^ Fig. 6: A, B, C, D; Fig. 7: E, F, G, H; and Fig. 8: I, J, K, 

L. 

Page 38, par. 4, line 3: for “ Fig. 13, U, and V” read “ Fig. 13, T, and U.” 

Page 44, Table 6\for “on moisture-free basis’ ’ read “on ‘as received’ basis.” 

Page 66, lines 5 and 6: for “Fig. 1, Charts A, B, C, D, E, and F, and in Fig. 
Charts G, H, I, J, K, and L” read “Fig. 6, Charts A, B, C, and D; Fig. 
Charts E, F, G, and H, and Fig. 8, Charts I, J, K, and L.” 


ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 

Published by the University of Illinois, Urbana 


ro 










LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

JAN 7-1922 

DOCUlVti** To ■ > jION 

t ^suueuauBammtm 




An-H9 







CONTENTS 


PAGE 

I. Introduction.7 

1. Preliminary Statement.7 

2. Object of the Work.7 

3. Sources of Information.9 

4. Acknowledgments.10 

IT. General Data on Sulphur Distribution. 11 

5. Chemical Forms in Which Sulphur Occurs in Coal 11 

6. Physical Forms of Pyrite.12 

7. Distribution of Coarse Pyrite in Various Beds . 15 

III. Field and Laboratory Methods.17 

8. General Plan of Investigation.17 

9. Method of Collecting Samples.18 

10. Preparation of Samples for Analysis .... 20 

11. Methods Used for Determination of Forms of 

Sulphur.20 

12. Determination of Fine Pyritic Sulphur .... 23 

IV. Data and Discussion. 29 

13. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in the Coal Bed, 

Middlefork Mine.29 

West Kentucky Coal Co., Mines Nos. 7 and 8 . 38 

14. Relation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur ... 45 

15. Forms of Sulphur in Raw and Washed Coals . . 50 

16. Organic Sulphur in Various Coals.54 

17. Microscopic Pyrite.54 


3 











4 


Contents—(Continued) 


V. Summary of Conclusions .G4 

18. Distribution of Pyritic Sulphur.64 

19. Distribution of Organic Sulphur.64 

20. Relation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur ... 64 

21. Practical Applications.65 

Appendix I .66 

Tables Showing Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples 

Appendix II.89 

Sink and Float Tests on Bench Samples.89 






LIST OF FIGUKES 


NO. PAGB 

1. Face of Coal in Illinois No. 6 Bed, Showing Division of Seam into 

Benches for Sampling.22 

2. New Sink and Float Test Apparatus, Assembled.25 

3. New Sink and Float Test Apparatus, Disassembled, Showing Con¬ 

struction . 26 

4. Details of Barrel of New Sink and Float Test Apparatus.27 

5. Sections of Illinois No. 6 Bed.30 

6-8. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in Coal Bed, Middlefork Mine . . 31-33 

9. Skeleton Map of Middlefork Mine.34 

10. Sections of Kentucky No. 12 Bed.39 

11. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in Coal Bed, Mine No. 7, West Ken¬ 

tucky Coal Co.40 

12. Skeleton Map of Mine No. 7, West Kentucky Coal Co.41 

13. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in Coal Bed, Mine No. 8, West Ken¬ 

tucky Coal Co.42 

14. Delation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur in the North Half of 

Middlefork Mine.46 

15. Delation of P} r ritic and Organic Sulphur in the South Half of 

Middlefork Mine.47 

16. Delation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur in Mine No. 7, West Ken¬ 

tucky Coal Co.47 

17. Delation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur in Mine No. 8, West Ken¬ 

tucky Coal Co.48 

18-24. Microphotographs of Samples of Illinois No. 6 Coal, Showing Micro¬ 
scopic Pvrite.55-61 


5 














LIST OF TABLES 


KO. PAGK 

1. Pyritic Sulphur in Hand-picked Samples of a Williamson County 

Illinois Coal.15 

2. Forms of Sulphur in Top, Middle, and Bottom Benches of No. 6 Coal 

in Middlefork Mine.36 

3. Forms of Sulphur in Mother-Coal Samples.37 

4. Average of Sulphur Forms in Benches of No. 12 Kentucky Bed . . 43 

5. Average of Sulphur Forms in Benches of No. 9 Kentucky Bed ... 43 

6. Analyses of Kentucky Bed No. 12 Coal, from Mine No. 7, West Ken¬ 

tucky Coal Co.44 

7. Forms of Sulphur in Samples High in Pyrite.49 

8. Forms of Sulphur in Raw and Washed Coals from Middlefork Mine . 50 

9. Forms of Sulphur in Raw and Washed Coals.51 

10. Pyritic and Organic Sulphur in Various Coals.53 

A-L. Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples from Middlefork Mine, Illinois 

Bed No. 6.67-78 

M. Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples from Middlefork Mine, Illinois 

Bed No. 6—Average of Bed for Various Locations.79 

N-S. Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples from Mine No. 7, West Ken¬ 
tucky Coal Co.80-85 

T-U. Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples from Mine No. 8, West Ken¬ 
tucky Coal Co.86-87 


V. Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples from Mines Nos. 7 and 8, West 

Kentucky Coal Co.—Average of Beds for Various Locations ... 88 

11. Sink and Float Tests on Samples from Mine No. 7, West Kentucky 

Coal Co.90 

12. Sink and Float Tests on Samples from Mine No. 8, West Kentucky 

Coal Co. 91 

13. Sink and Float Tests on Samples from Middlefork Mine .... 92 


6 















THE DISTRIBUTION OP THE FORMS 
OP SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 


I. Introduction 

1. Preliminary Statement .—This bulletin is a report of investiga¬ 
tional work carried out by the United States Bureau of Mines under 
the terms of a cooperative agreement with the Engineering Experiment 
Station of the University of Illinois and the Illinois State Geological 
Survey. Previous work published by the Engineering Experiment 
Station on the forms of sulphur in coal was conducted in the Chem¬ 
ical Laboratory of the University of Illinois by S. W. Parr and A. R. 
Powell, who developed successful methods for determining quantita¬ 
tively the different chemical forms of sulphur in coal. Their methods, 
described in a previous bulletin, # have been applied in the present 
work to the study of the manner of occurrence and distribution of 
the different forms of sulphur in the coal bed. 

2. Object of the Work .—The experimental work was undertaken 
as a part of the United States Bureau of Mines plan of research on coal 
preparation, and the application of the information secured to the 
problem of producing cleaner coal was the principal objective. The 
solution of this problem must of necessity rest to a considerable 
extent upon an intelligent knowledge and appreciation of the physical 
and the chemical forms in which sulphur occurs in a particular coal, 
and how it is distributed through the coal in the bed. This infor¬ 
mation is essential in forming an opinion on the extent to which any 
given coal may be cleaned by washing, that is, by a gravity separation 
in water. The forms of sulphur occurring in the coal are sulphur as 
iron pyrite, sulphur in organic combination with the coal substance 
itself, and sulphate sulphur present chiefly as calcium sulphate. 
Pyrite occurs both in macroscopic and microscopic form.f Thiessen 
has found microscopic globules of pyrite in coals from many different 
fields in the United States, and even in peat. Pyrite has also been 
shown to exist in this form in Japanese! coals. 

* “A Study of the Forms in which Sulphur Occurs in Coal.” Univ. of Ill. Eng. Exp. Sta., 
Bui. Ill, 1919. 

f Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bui. 153, 2431, 1919. 

t Iwasaki, Colliery Guardian 120, 797, 1920. 


/ 




8 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


Pyrite or pyritic sulphur is not uniformly distributed in coal. 
It is well known that the variation in total sulphur content of the 
different benches or horizontal sections of a coal bed may be quite 
marked. This of course might be entirely due to the heterogeneous 
distribution of iron pyrite. The distribution of organic sulphur has 
been given but little attention, because it exists in an amicroscopic 
form and must be determined by chemical methods. Until recently no 
satisfactory methods have been available. Some earlier work,* done 
since the publication of Parr and Powell’s methods, led to the tentative 
conclusion that the organic sulphur content of a given coal varies but 
little, and that, at least, it is much more uniformly distributed than 
pyritic sulphur. The distribution of these forms of sulphur has an 
important bearing on the practice of coal washing, the dry separation 
of impurities from coal, and the use of coal for coking purposes. 

The fact that organic sulphur has some bearing on the washabil- 
ity of a coal has long been recognized. Some coal washing reports have 
contained an approximation of the figure for the percentage of this 
form of sulphur, in some cases with fine pyrite included under the 
caption “fixed sulphur,” “combined sulphur,” or “organic sulphur.” 
Boiling,! in a paper on “Chemical Control of Coal Washers” de¬ 
scribing methods used at the plant of the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal 
Co., gives the following figures determined by a sink and float test 
on a calcium chloride solution of 1.35 specific gravity: “Raw coal 
mixture, total sulphur 2.30 per cent; by calcium chloride, total sul¬ 
phur 1.10 per cent; (2.30 - 1.10) = 1.20 per cent pyritic sulphur, 
organic sulphur 1.10 per cent.” While this method does not give 
the correct values for organic sulphur, it does give a figure which is 
of value in coal washing work. 

Carl Wendell,$ in an article on coal washing, states concerning 
combined sulphur that many times in examining a new washing 
apparatus he had been assured by the manufacturer that the machine 
would produce the desired results, this conclusion being based on two 
figures only; namely, total sulphur content of the coal and combined 
sulphur content. Wendell adds further, “Invariably I have found 
that this premature statement was wrong.” 


* Fraser and Yancey, Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bui. 153, 1822, 1919. 
t Eng. and Min. Journal, Aug. 29, 1908. 

$ Univ. of Ill. Technograph, page 133, April, 1915. 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN TPIE COAL BED 9 


His comment concerning the value of such hastily formulated 
opinions is fully warranted. The instances cited indicate that in some 
cases organic sulphur has been one of the factors considered in con¬ 
nection with the reduction of sulphur in coal by washing processes. 
On the other hand the opinion is sometimes expressed that the organic 
sulphur of coal is negligible in amount. There is a need for more 
accurate and specific information on this subject. 

It is apparent that the possibility of cleaning coal of sulphur 
by processes of dry separation such as selective mining, hand picking 
at the face and in the tipple, or by mechanical devices, depends upon 
the way in which the sulphur, particularly the pyritic sulphur, is 
distributed throughout the coal. 

This factor also has an important bearing in connection with 
the coking of coal. Uniformity of sulphur content is a valuable 
attribute of a coal to be used for coking or for gas manufacture. Some 
of the Illinois mines nominally rated as low sulphur coal mines cannot 
be depended upon to ship day in and day out a product consistently 
low in sulphur. 

All of the mechanical or gravitational methods of cleaning coal 
depend upon the removal of particles of impurities of high specific 
gravity from coal which is of lower specific gravity. In this connection 
it is important to know whether organic sulphur segregates as does 
pyritic sulphur. In case concentrations of organic sulphur were found 
to exist it would be desirable to associate such occurrences with other 
impurities or specific recognizable conditions. 

3. Sources of Information .—The observations set forth in this 
bulletin are based on data secured by: 

1. Visual examination and sampling of coal in situ at 
mines in three different beds in the central district; namely, Illinois 
No. 6 Coal at the Middlefork Mine of the United States Fuel Com¬ 
pany at Benton, Illinois, and Kentucky beds No. 9 and No. 12 at 
mines No. 7 and No. 8 of the West Kentucky Coal Co. in Union and 
Webster Counties of western Kentucky. Sectional bench samples 
were taken in a number of places in each of these mines and 
analyzed for total sulphur, organic sulphur, pyritic sulphur, and 
fine disseminated sulphur. 

2. Investigations incident to a survey of the coal pyrite re¬ 
sources of the central district, made by the United States Bureau of 


10 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


Mines and the State Geological Surveys of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, 
Tennessee, Missouri, and Iowa, in 1918. A large number of mines 
were visited by the field men sent out by these agencies. Notes 
were taken on the occurrence of sulphur, and estimates were made 
of the available tonnage of pyrite which could be recovered and 
cleaned for industrial uses. The records of this work present quite 
a fund of information on the distribution of coarse pyrite in the 
various coal beds throughout the district. 

3. Visual examination of the coal faces in mines in con¬ 
nection with other investigational work and routine face sam¬ 
pling. 

4. Acknowledgments .—The investigation was carried out under 
the general direction of Mr. E. A. Holbrook, Assistant Director, 
and Mr. George S. Rice, Chief Mining Engineer, of the United States 
Bureau of Mines. Professors S. W. Parr, Head of the Division of In¬ 
dustrial Chemistry, and H. H. Stoek, Head of the Department of 
Mining Engineering of the University of Illinois, have contributed many 
helpful and valuable suggestions throughout the course of the work. 
Mr. C. A. Meissner, Chairman of Coke and Coal Washing Committees 
of the United States Steel Corporation, has followed the progress of 
the investigation with cordial cooperation. Messrs. W. H. Clinger- 
man, President, and Thomas Moses, General Superintendent, of the 
United States Fuel Co., made the arrangements for the work at the 
Middlefork mine, and through their local organization at the mine gave 
every assistance. Mr. D. M. Lewins, Chemist of the United States Fuel 
Co. at the Middlefork mine, rendered valuable aid. The field work on 
western Kentuckv coals was carried out at mines of the West Kentuckv 
Coal Co., aided by the active cooperation of Mr. T. E. Jenkins, Vice- 
President and General Manager of this Company. 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 1 1 


II. General Data on Sulphur Distribution 

5. Chemical Forms in which Sulphur Occurs in Coal .—Sulphur 
occurs in coal in both organic and inorganic combination. In the 
central and eastern coal fields of the United States the major inorganic 
sulphur compound is iron pyrite or marcasite, both of identical chem¬ 
ical composition. Sulphate sulphur is ordinarily present in freshly 
mined coal chiefly as calcium sulphate, (gypsum), occurring in thin 
white flakes along the cleavage planes. Calcite also occurs in a similar 
form. Because of the marked color contrast between the gypsum and 
the coal an exaggerated idea of the relative amount of the total sulphur 
present in the sulphate form is easily given. Freshly mined coal may 
contain as much as 0.1 per cent sulphur as sulphate, but as a rule the 
amount of this form is less than 0.05 per cent. Stored coal increases 
in sulphate sulphur because of the oxidation of its iron pyrite. Length 
of storage, temperature, moisture, and the size of coal stored appear 
to be the principal factors governing the rate of oxidation and the 
consequent formation of sulphate sulphur, so that after long storage 
the sulphate sulphur content may exceed that of the pyritic sulphur. 
This sulphate sulphur is water-soluble and if the coal is stored in the 
open a large part will be leached out. 

It has long been believed that a varying though considerable 
proportion of the total sulphur content of coal is present in organic 
combination with the coal substance. The investigations of Wheeler 
and of many other workers have confirmed this view. Prior to 1873 
Wormley* * * § observed that some coals contained too little iron to combine 
with all the sulphur present to form iron pyrite. He gives total 
sulphur and total iron determinations of mine coals, and in no case 
is sufficient iron present to unite with all of the sulphur as ferric sul¬ 
phide. The investigations of Bradbury,! Kimball,$ Drown, Fischer,§ 
M’Callum,** Parr,ft Powell ,it ancl Wibaut and Stoffelfflf have 

* Geol. Survey of Ohio, 1, 361, 1873. 

t Chem. News, 38, 147, 1878. 

t Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engr., 8, 185, 1880. 

If Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Engr., 9, 656, 1881. 

§ Zeit. angew. Chem., 764, 1899. 

** Chem. Engr., 11, 27, 1910. 

tt Univ. of Ill. Eng. Exp. Sta., Bui. Ill, 1919. 

tt J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 12, 887, 1920. 

UU Rec. trav. chim., 38, 132, 1919. 



12 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


certified the existence of sulphur in organic combination in coal. It 
appears that the organic sulphur is united with two different types 
of coal constituent, and is classified as humus organic sulphur and 
resinic, or perhaps more properly merely as phenol soluble sulphur. 

6. Physical Forms of Pyrite .—Iron pyrite may be found in coal 
in particles of various sizes and various shapes. Thiessen,* through 
the microscopic study of thin sections, found that all the coals he 
examined contained very small globules or particles of pyrite varying 
in diameter from a few microns to a hundred microns. At the other 
extreme it is not uncommon to find, in the roof slate of the No. 5 
coal in Indiana, pyrite boulders several feet in diameter. For the 
purpose of studying the distribution of the pyrite in coal it has been 
found convenient to classify it according to the size of particles in 
which it occurs, under three headings, namely, microscopic pyrite, fine 
disseminated visible pyrite, and coarse pyrite. The lines of division 
into these groups are of course merely arbitrary. As the particles 
exist in the bed they grade in size all the way from the very smallest 
to the largest. 

The microscopic pyrite consists of minute spherical globules in¬ 
visible except under the microscope. This form of sulphur is not 
removable by mechanical processes. 

The fine disseminated visible pyrite occurs in several forms. 
This term is used to designate pyrite infiltrations coarse enough to be 
visible to the naked eye, yet so fine and intimately mixed with the 
coal substance that their separation is difficult. Thin film-like coat¬ 
ings sometimes occur on the joint planes, giving a natural cleavage 
face of a lump of coal the appearance of being gold painted. A 
fraction of a per cent of sulphur in this form may make a car of coal 
look very dirty. Pyrite may occur in the form of small grains dis¬ 
seminated through the coal. Charcoal or mother-coal is sometimes 
so thickly impregnated with pyrite grains of this sort that it has a 
brownish color and is so hard that it interferes with the use of under¬ 
cutting machines. The miners call this material “black jack.” Clay 
and shale partings may also be impregnated with pyrite particles in 
the same manner. 

The coarse pyrite occurs in a wide variety of shapes, the most 
common of which is perhaps the lens; circular or elliptical in plan and 


* Loc. cit. 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 13 


lenticular in cross section, thick in the center and gradually thinning 
to an edge around the perimeter. These lenses are commonly from 
% in. to 3 in. in greatest thickness and about 1 ft. across, although 
lenses as much as 3 or 4 ft. thick and several hundred feet long 
are sometimes found at the top or bottom of a seam. In some 
beds the small lenses occur always at the same horizon along certain 
bedding planes. They may be almost edge to edge, forming a prac¬ 
tically continuous sheet of varying thickness. In other cases the 
lenses are distributed promiscuously through the bed and may be 
found in any position. 

Another somewhat similar form of pyrite deposit, much less 
common, is thinnest in the center with the thick part near the cir¬ 
cular rim. 

Balls or nodules of sulphur are roughly spherical in shape. This 
form is often found in the roof or floor. The term nodules is usually 
applied to the small ones of 2-4 in. in diameter. The larger sizes 
are more often called niggerheads or balls. Where they occur in 
the roof they are sometimes 4 or 5 ft. in diameter. The large 
ones quite often consist of a mixture of iron carbonate and pyrite 
or they may have a core of limestone with a pyrite shell. The 
small nodules are usually bright crystalline pyrite and approach more 
closely pure iron pyrite (FeS 2 ) in chemical composition. Pyrite 
deposits which appear as continuous bands in a working face may be 
described as flat lenses of great lateral extent, such that they may 
be continuous over large areas. They commonly vary from the thick¬ 
ness of a knife edge up to 2 or 3 in. Locally, thin parallel 
bands sometimes occur interlaminated with thin bands of coal in 
such a manner as to necessitate picking out and discarding a large 
proportion of coal with the pyrite. Similarly with the thin facings 
of coal described under fine disseminated pyrite, large lumps of coal 
sometimes are so thickly impregnated with these film-like flakes of 
pyrite as to justify discarding the lumps as a whole. 

Pyrite also occurs in vertical or inclined veins in some coals 
although this form is not very common. The thicker and more prom¬ 
inent veins are called by the miners “spar sulphur.’’ 

Local groups of veinlets that appear to arise from a common 
center are called cat-faces. The center is often a small ball of irreg¬ 
ular outline. The pyrite of cat-faces is a brassy yellow in color and 
often of a flaky porous structure. Bands of pyrite of a similar porous 


14 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


or cellular structure are commonly found in Southern Illinois coals. 
A lump of such forms seems to be built up of small thin plates of 
pyrite put together with spaces intervening so that the apparent 
specific gravity of the whole lump is much lower than that of a piece 
of solid pyrite. Apparent specific gravity determinations on samples 
from the No. 6 bed in Franklin County, Illinois, gave results as low 
as 2.9. 

Pyritized vegetable fossils are not uncommon although they do not 
constitute any considerable part of the pyrite of coal. They are 
usually in the form of fragments of branches or leaves. 

The manner in which the pyrite in any coal occurs in these various 
forms determines to a large extent the ease with which it may be sep¬ 
arated from the coal by handpicking or washing. Solid balls and 
lenses of the massive amorphous structure and brassy color are readily 
removed underground as they are easily seen and they usually break 
freely from the surrounding coal. Lenses of a dark stony gray color 
are not so easily picked out at the face. They are much more difficult 
to see and, as the boundary between coal and pyrite is usually in¬ 
definite, the lens stick fast to the coal. 

Of the interbedded continuous bands, those which are solid clean 
pyrite usually separate easily from the coal along a natural bedding 
plane. Sometimes the coal and pyrite fall apart during mining. 
Bands of this sort which are y 2 in. or more in thickness are usually left 
in the mine. Thinner bands are broken up in shooting down the coal, 
so that fragments become mixed with the coal and are difficult to pick 
out. A washer, however, will remove these small pieces. 

The grey laminated bands are much more difficult to remove. 
There usually is no natural cleavage between the band and the ad¬ 
jacent coal. The thin laminae of pyrite merge indistinguishably into 
the coal and it is necessary to discard a large amount of adhering coal 
in order to get rid of them by picking. If this material is sent to the 
washer, a large proportion of the pyrite is slimed in crushing, which 
increases the difficulty of its removal by washing. 

This is also true of the cat-faces and pyrite facings in joint 
cracks. In order to improve the appearance of a car of coal, lumps- 
which contain only two or three per cent sulphur in this form are 
sometimes discarded in the tipple. These cat-faces and pyrite facings 
are the most troublesome visible forms of sulphur for the washerman. 
When the coal is crushed for washing, even as fine as 1,4-in. size, a 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 15 


large part of this sulphur adheres to the coal particles, and a large 
part of that which breaks free is slimed or broken into thin scales 
which have a tendency to float off with the washed coal. 

The impregnations of fine grains of pyrite are of course insep¬ 
arably mixed with the coal. All the coals used in the coal washing 
tests at Urbana were found to contain a considerable proportion of 
pyritic sulphur in this form. Samples of coal, finer than %-in. maxi¬ 
mum size, carefully hand-picked to eliminate all pieces showing a trace 
of impurity on the surface, still contained pyritic sulphur. Analyses 
of three such samples of a Williamson County, Illinois, coal are given 
in Table 1. 


Table 1 

Pyritic Sulphur in Hand-Picked Samples of a Williamson County, 

Illinois, Coal 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


Sample No. 

Ash 

Pyritic Sulphur 

Total Sulphur 

1 

3.58 

1.27 

2.06 

2 

4.82 

1.00 

1.86 

3a 

4.27 

0.84 

1.63 


a. Float on solution of 1.3 sp. gr. 


7. Distribution of Coarse Pjjrite in Various Beds .—If a large 
proportion of the sulphur in a coal is concentrated in lenses, balls, 
etc., of solid pyrite, it may be possible by careful picking in the mine 
and tipple to ship a low sulphur product even though the sulphur 
content of the coal in the bed may amount to several per cent. Ordi¬ 
narily, however, coals which contain a large amount of coarse pyrite 
are also high in organic and finer pyritic sulphur. The distribution 
of the coarse pyrite in the bed is also of importance; for instance, if, 
throughout the mine, the lenses and balls are concentrated at a certain 
definite horizon, or if a certain bench contains a much larger per¬ 
centage of sulphur than the rest of the seam, hand-picking or selective 
mining is facilitated. 

In some of the Central District coal seams the manner of dis¬ 
tribution of iron pyrite deposits in the bed is well defined and typical 
over the entire area of the seam. 














16 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


Balls or nodules in the roof and extending down into the top coal 
are characteristic of the Illinois No. 5 seam practically throughout 
the district in Indiana, Illinois, and Kentucky. Often there is a dis¬ 
continuous band of pyrite lenses about the middle of this bed. 

The No. 6 coal in Illinois naturally divides itself into three 
benches. The top coal and the bottom coal each comprising from one 
eighth to one sixth the thickness of the bed are separated from the 
middle coal by definite persistent partings, the upper one usually of 
mother-coal and the lower one, called the blue band, of shale some¬ 
times impregnated with pyrite. As a rule the narrow upper and lower 
benches contain the larger part of the pyrite of the seam. 

In the No. 2 coal of the Longwall district of Illinois the sulphur 
balls and lenses are confined largely to the upper half of the bed. 

In the Danville district, where the No. 7 coal is mined, pyrite 
is usually in the form of lenses of the gray stony variety. They are 
distributed promiscuously through the bed. 

Some interesting notes on the coarse pyrite deposits of the Ohio 
coals are given by W. M. Tucker* who did the field work in that state 
in connection with coal pyrite survey of 1918. The Middle Kittann¬ 
ing No. 6 coal contains everywhere a parting near the middle of the 
bed of pyrite or shale, known as the middle band. This seam in Perry 
County, Ohio, shows a band of lenses about 13 in. from the top of 
the coal. In the Upper Freeport No. 7 coal, deposits of pyrite in the 
form of large boulders are found imbedded in the coal along the sides 
of the sandstone horsebacks. 


* Economic Geology, 14, 198, 1919. 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 17 


III. Field and Laboratory Methods 

8. General Plan of Investigation .—In outlining the plan for 
the work it seemed that the only way to study the distribution of the 
forms of sulphur in the coal bed was to take sectional samples of the 
horizontal benches of the seam in the mine at the working faces. So 
far this plan has been extended to the examination of three beds of coal; 
the No. 6 bed in Illinois and the No. 9 and No. 12 beds in Kentucky. 
It has not been possible to study each bed at more than one mine, 
but it is hoped that the No. 6 bed in Illinois may be examined in 
several other localities, in order to determine whether there is a char¬ 
acteristic distribution of the forms of sulphur throughout the bed. 
Obviously then, the results here given for the beds examined at one 
location are not representative of the entire bed with regard to sul¬ 
phur content, and must not be so interpreted. 

The Illinois No. 6 bed was sampled at the Middlefork mine of 
the United States Fuel Co., near Benton, Franklin County, Illinois. 
A large and excellently equipped washery* is maintained at the mine 
for washing the entire output. The daily tonnage varies from 2400 
to 2800 for the mine, and the washery operates about ten shifts per 
week. The washed coal is used for metallurgical purposes. 

In Western Kentucky the No. 9 and No. 12 beds were examined; 
the No. 9 bed in Union County at Mine No. 8 and the No. 12 bed in 
Webster County at Mine No. 7 of the West Kentucky Coal Co. The 
No. 12 coal, a fairly low sulphur coal, is used extensively as a gas coal 
and also as smithing and steam coal. The bed No. 9 coal is much 
higher in sulphur, and finds sale chiefly for domestic and steam pur¬ 
poses. 

At each mine the seam was divided into horizontal benches, and 
each bench was sampled separately, beginning at the bottom and con¬ 
tinuing to the top of the seam. This information was desired not only 
to show the distribution of the forms of sulphur in the bed, but also 
for the purpose of determining whether a relation existed between 
pyritic and organic sulphur. Additional data on the possible rela¬ 
tionship was secured by taking additional samples at places in the 


* J. R. Campbell, Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bui. 153, 1779, 1919. 



18 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 

mine which showed the coal intergrown with lenses, bands, and cat- 
faces of pyrite in such a manner that none of the coal was more 
than 1 or 2 in. distant from the pyrite itself. At the Middlefork 
mine seven tipple samples were obtained, each representing a day’s 
output of about 2500 tons of raw coal. A sample of the washed coal 
representing one day’s operation of the washery was taken in order 
to secure information as to the form or forms of sulphur eliminated 
by a mechanical process such as washing. Two samples of mother-coal 
were taken at the Middlefork mine. Determinations of total pyritic 
and organic sulphur were made on all of these samples, and the results 
are shown, both graphically and in tabular form, in this bulletin. 

In addition to the samples taken for chemical analysis, six were 
secured in the Middlefork mine for examination of the microscopic 
pyritic sulphur. These were taken at the middle and near the top of 
the seam. Microphotographs of thin cross-sections of these samples 
are given. A small development map showing where the samples 
were taken in the Middlefork mine is included. A table showing the 
pyritic and organic sulphur content of several eastern and central 
district coals is included for the purpose of giving an idea of the 
relative amounts of these important sulphur forms contained in 
various coals. 

A new form of float and sink apparatus for use in making tests 
on fine coal has been developed and is described in this paper. It 
was used in determining the amount and the variations of fine dis¬ 
seminated pyrite in the bench samples from two of the mines. 

9. Method of Collecting Samples .—The face samples were 
taken by the Bureau of Mines method for sampling coal in the 
mine.* A vertical channel about 4 in. wide by 3 in. deep was 
cut in a clean fresh face, and the resulting cuttings caught on a 
canvas. At each place selected for sampling the face was marked off, 
before cutting the sample, into from four to eight horizontal benches, 
and each bench was sampled separately, beginning at the floor. Each 
sample was broken up with the mortar and pestle of the Bureau of 
Mines sampling kit, then screened and reduced to 4-lb. size by 
coning and quartering. In the Middlefork mine a portable hand 
crusherf was used to reduce the coal to a size small enough to permit 


* J. A. Holmes, Bureau of Mines, Technical Paper No. 1. 
t S. W. Parr, Illinois Geological Survey, Bui. 29, 19, 1914. 



THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 19 

reduction by coning and quartering. It crushes the coal to about 
14 -in. maximum size. The crusher is of the burr type, made of 
aluminum and steel, with detachable handle and legs. 

Fig. 1 is a photograph of the coal face in the No. 6 Illinois bed 
and is introduced to give a better idea of the method of sampling 
used. The total thickness of the bed was first measured. Then the 
division of the seam into benches was indicated by white horizontal 
chalk marks made on the coal face. In the Middlefork mine, No. 6 bed, 
the seam was divided into from four to eight benches at the sampling 
locations, and each bench was sampled separately. Sectional bench 
samples were collected in this manner at twelve working faces in the 
mine. The top sample represents in most cases the first 10 or 12 
in. of coal down to the natural bedding plane. The miner desig¬ 
nates this bench as the top coal. The bottom sample represents the 
coal from the floor up to, but not including, the blue band. This 
band, sometimes shale and often pyrite of a thickness of 2 or 3 in. 
generally occurs from 10 to 15 in. above the floor. The intervening 
portions of the bed were divided into from two to six sections, 
making the divisions, wherever practicable, at natural partings. 
The blue band was always thrown out. With this exception the 
samples cover everything from the top to the bottom of the seam, 
and represent fairly what is hoisted and sent to the washer. Tables 
A to L in Appendix I give the vertical thickness of the horizontal 
sections, show the impurities occurring in a section, and indicate 
whether they were included in the sample. 

In the mine operating in the No. 12 bed in western Kentucky, 
samples were taken at six locations. Here 1 to 2 ft. of the top 
coal is left up for roof. This was sampled at two locations in the mine, 
and the remainder of the seam was divided into four approximately 
equal benches, represented by a’ corresponding number of samples. 
The division into benches was made in such a manner as to include 
in one sample all of a characteristic slialy band occurring a little below 
the middle of the seam. In the No. 8 mine of the West Kentucky Coal 
Co., which operates in the No. 9 bed, the seam was divided into four 
nearly equal benches, four samples being taken at two locations. 

The samples of raw coal, washed coal, and refuse were taken in 
the manner prescribed for the sampling of deliveries.* The gross 


* G. S. Pope, Bureau of Mines, Tech. Paper 133, 197. 



20 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


samples were collected by taking shovelfuls at twenty minute intervals 
from the raw coal, washed coal, and refuse conveyors, respectively. 

10. Preparation of Samples for Analysis. —The 4-lb. samples 
were allowed to air dry in the laboratory. They were then crushed to 
34-in. size and a sample cut out for the sink and float test. The final 
samples, crushed in the Braun disc pulverizer to pass a 100-mesh 
screen, were put into 4-oz. glass bottles sealed with rubber stoppers. 

11. Methods Used for Determination of Forms of Sulphur .— 
Total sulphur determinations were made by Eschka’s method, which 
is so extensively used for estimating total sulphur in coal that a 
description of the analytical procedure need not be given here. 

The pyritic sulphur was determined by the method of Parr and 
Powell* by extracting 1 gm. of 100-mesli coal with a mixture of 
20 cc. of concentrated nitric (sp. gr. 1.42) and 60 cc. of water. This 
dilute nitric acid has a specific gravity of 1.12. It is allowed to cool to 
room temperature before starting the extraction. The extraction is 
best conducted in a 300 cc. Ehrlenmeyer flask. Some coals are difficult 
to “wet” by the dilute nitric acid, but by stoppering the flask and 
shaking vigorously for a minute, this is readily accomplished. The 
extraction process was always allowed to proceed for four days at 
room temperature; a vigorous shaking being given the flask once or 
twice each day during the period. 

After extraction, the coal was filtered off and the filtrate evap¬ 
orated to dryness on the water bath. The residue was then dissolved 
in about 5 cc. of 1 to 1 hydrochloric acid, diluted with water to about 
100 cc., brought to the boiling point, and filtered. Ordinarily, the 
pyritic sulphur determinations were made by determining the sulphur 
in the filtrate rather than the iron, but determinations of both iron 
and sulphur were made on several samples from each mine in order 
to find if iron and sulphur were present in the same ratio as in iron 
pyrite. The values obtained by calculating the sulphur from the iron 
and by determining sulphur direct, agreed very well indeed for the 
coal from each of the beds. 

Organic sulphur was not directly determined. The values shown 
for this form of sulphur represent the difference between the total 
and the pyritic sulphur. 


* Loc. cit. 





Fig. 1. Face of Coal in Illinois No. 6 Bed. 
Showing Division of Seam into Benches for Sampling 


























. 















■ 




































































THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 23 


Sulphate sulphur was found to be so low in the samples examined 
that it has been entirely disregarded in tabulating the variations of 
the forms of sulphur in the coal bed. Only ten samples were examined 
for sulphate sulphur. It was extracted by boiling 5 gms. of coal 
for one hour with 50 cc. of hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.2) diluted to 
200 cc. with water. The filtrate was evaporated nearly to dryness, 
diluted, and the sulphates precipitated by adding an excess of a 10 
per cent solution of barium chloride in the manner prescribed in the 
Eschka method for total sulphur. The highest value obtained for 
sulphate sulphur in the samples was 0.04 per cent, and this value 
was on a sample containing six per cent of total sulphur which had 
been mined three months. 

12. Determination of Fine Pyritic Sulphur .—The term fine dis¬ 
seminated pyritic sulphur is used in this report to designate fine pyrite 
particles so intimately mixed with the coal that they are not broken 
free from it by crushing to the finest size at which coal is ordinarily 
washed, namely, through in. round hole screen; and sufficiently 
small not to render the coal particles in which they happen to occur 
heavy enough to be separable by gravity methods. This is an abitrary 
definition which seems perfectly logical from the practical view point 
in connection with coal washing. The determinations were made by 
subjecting samples of the coal, of 14 -in. maximum size, to sink and 
float tests using a zinc chloride solution of a specific gravity 0.05 
higher than the average specific gravity of the coal, analyzing the float 
portion for pyritic sulphur, and correcting for the weight of sink 
removed in order to express the results as a percentage of the original 
raw coal sample for comparison with the other analytical data. 

As determined by this method the figure for fine disseminated 
pyritic sulphur percentage does not account for all pyrite particles 
below any certain fixed size, as some very small pieces, notably of the 
form which occurs as thin plates in the tiny joint cracks of the coal, may 
be broken free from the coal and, sinking in the float and sink bath, be 
thus discarded, while other pieces, possibly larger, which stick fast to or 
are included in coal particles, may float. The size of the largest pyrite 
particle which could be included may be calculated as follows; assum¬ 
ing the extreme case of a fragment of the maximum size in the sample 
consisting of clean coal with an attached or included pyrite particle 
just large enough to increase the specific gravity of the piece by 0.05, 


24 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


and assuming that the specific gravity of the clean coal is 1.30, the 
specific gravity of the raw coal particle in question is then 1.30 
-f 0.05 = 1.35. 

Let x = volume of pyrite in this raw coal particle of unit volume. 

1.00 = total volume of the raw coal particle. 

1.00 - x = volume of the clean coal part. 

1.30 (1.00 - x) = mass of the clean coal part. 

5x = mass of the pyrite part, assuming specific gravity of pyrite 
as 5.00. 

Then 1.30 (1.00 - x) 5x == total mass of the raw coal particle. 

Also 1.35 = total mass of the raw coal particle. 

1.30 (1.00-x) 5x = 1.35. 

3.7x = 0.05. 

x = 0.0135 volume of pyrite part of raw coal particle. 

^Q.0135 = 0.26 size pyrite cube in unit cube of raw coal. 

0.26 X % in. = 0.065 in. size of maximum pyrite cube in %-in. cube 

of raw coal. 

0.065 in. == 10 mesh. 

Sixty-five thousandths of an inch in diameter, or through 10-mesh 
screen, therefore, is the maximum size of pyrite particle that could be 
included in the float part of the sample in determining fine pyrite 
sulphur by this method. 

For making the determinations a new sink and float apparatus 
illustrated in Fig. 2 was used. This was designed for use in the coal 
washing laboratory for control work and preliminary testing when 
small coal is being handled. For coarse coal of jig size the apparatus 
developed some years ago by G. R. Delamater is used. This has been 
very widely used for coal washery control and the method has proved 
very satisfactory for the size of coal ordinarily washed in jig washers. 
In fact it is often referred to as the “Standard” sink and float 
apparatus. 

In working with small coal, such as some washeries are now 
handling, through a 14 -in. screen, or through a Vs-in. screen with a 
large proportion of slime, and in experimental work in oil coagulation 
and flotation of coal, where even smaller sizes are handled, a need has 
arisen for an apparatus in which all the solution used as well as the 
coal sample is divided into a float portion and a sink portion, and each 
screened or filtered with the respective float and sink portions of the 
coal sample. 




Fig. 2. 


New Sink and Float Test Apparatus, Assembled 




Fig. 3. New Sink and Float Test Apparatus, Dissembled, Showing 

Construction 














THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 27 

The apparatus illustrated accomplishes this purpose. It is shown 
d ead} for use in Fig. 2. The three separate pieces which 
make up the apparatus are shown in Fig. 3, and details of construction 
of the barrel in Fig. 4. The apparatus was made in the laboratory 





Fig. 4. Details of Barrel of New Sink and Float Test Apparatus 

shop, of a 3-in. round-way stop-cock valve, a piece of 4-in. galvanized 
pipe, and a tilting frame. It is so simple in construction and operation 
that very little description is necessary. 

The bore of the valve plug was cut out to 4-in. size at one 
end and almost through to the other side of the plug. A cylindrical 
wooden core was then inserted, and babbit was poured in around this 
to fill up the corners in the interior of the plug and stop up the small 
end of the bore so that the valve plug, instead of a 3-in. round hole 
through it, has a 4-in. cylindrical well in it, as shown in Fig. 3. In 
the valve body one opening was cut out to 4 in. in diameter and a gal¬ 
vanized pipe 10 in. long and 4 in. in inside diameter was soldered on; 
the opposite opening was closed with babbit. The 4-in. galvanized pipe 
and the 4-in. well in the valve plug form the container for the sink and 
float bath. For convenience in manipulation this barrel was pivoted on 
a tilting frame fitted with a spring at the bottom for holding the barrel 
rigid when in the vertical position, and a stop for the valve handle to 
facilitate lining up the well in the valve plug with the bore of the 
galvanized pipe. 














28 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


In making a sink and float test the valve handle is turned over 
against the stop, forming a continuous cylinder of the pipe and valve, 
which is filled to within about 2 in. of the top with a solution of 
the desired specific gravity. The coal sample is then immersed in the 
solution and stirred till thoroughly wetted. It is then allowed to 
stand undisturbed for a short time to permit the heavy particles to 
sink to the bottom and the light particles to rise to the top. The valve 
handle is then turned through 180 degrees, care being used to avoid 
jerking or jarring the apparatus. This separates the heavy particles 
in the well of the valve plug from the light particles floating in the 
upper part of the galvanized cylinder. 

By tilting the barrel the float coal and solution is then poured 
out into a fine screen or a filter, the solution is drained off for use in 
another determination, and the adhering particles of float coal in the 
apparatus are flushed out on the filter with a small stream of water. 
The valve is then turned back to the open position, and the sink coal 
and solution is poured upon another screen or filter in the same 
manner. The products are then washed with water on the screens or 
filters to remove all trace of the solution used. By using this apparatus 
with filters for washing the products all the sample is recovered and 
there is no loss of fines by suspension in the solution. The small 
volume of solution used makes the operation with vacuum filters fairly 
short. On samples from which the slime has been removed a 100-mesh 
screen is used instead of the filter. This apparatus was designed to 
make the separation just above the top of the sink in the cylinder so 
that practically all of the solution carrying particles in suspension goes 
with the float. The float, therefore, includes particles of the same 
density as the solution and lighter. 

Samples as large as 200 gms. are handled in one operation by 
an apparatus of the size described. If it is desired to use larger 
samples they should be treated in 200-gm. portions. 

For the determination of fine disseminated pyrite, mixtures of 
chloroform and alcohol and solutions of zinc chloride in water were 
used. Chloroform and mixtures of chloroform and alcohol are more 
suitable for sink and float tests on fine coal because they are not so 
viscous as is a zinc chloride solution of equal density. However, 
evaporation losses when using chloroform make the method more ex¬ 
pensive than when a zinc chloride solution is used. 


Fee/ Fee/- 


the distribution of the forms Of Sulphur In the coal bed 31 


o 

/ 

Z 

3 

4 

5 

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Per Cent Su/p/iur 

/ Z 3 4 5 6 7 



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Fig. 6. 


- Pyr/t/c Su/phur (To/o/J 

- Orpan/c Su/p/iur - To/e/ Su/p/iur 

Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in the Coal Bed, 
Middlefork Mine 





































































































32 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


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- Pyrit/c Su/pEur (Tota/J 

- Oryen/c Su/pEur - Tote/ Su/pEur 

Fig. 7. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in the Coal Bed, 

Middlefork Mine 




























































































Fee; Fee; 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 33 


0 

/ 

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Per Cen / Su/phur 

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—g—r 


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Fyn't/c Su/phur (Tofu/J 


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Fig. 8. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in the Coal Bed, 

Midblefork Mine 


5 6 7 


i 

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34 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


The distribution of the forms of sulphur occurring in this mine 
are plotted in Fig. 6; A, B, C, D, E, and F, and Fig. 7; G, H, I, J, 
K, and L. Each lettered chart represents a vertical section of the 
coal bed at one of the places sampled. A small development map of the 
mine, Fig. 9, shows by corresponding letters the location at which each 



set of samples was taken. The same letters are also used to designate 
the tables in Appendix I which give the analyses of samples taken at 
these locations. 

It is hardly necessary to point out the great variations in pyritic 
sulphur content in the vertical span of the seam. This is shown most 
clearly in the graphs. In practically every section the total sulphur 
and the pyritic sulphur are much higher in the top coal and in the 
coal below the blue band than in the middle benches of the bed. The 


























































































































































THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 35 


average total sulphur content of all the top coal samples was 4.17 
per cent • of the bottom coal, 3.83 per cent; and the average content 
of the middle benches between the top coal and the blue band was 
3.05 per cent. 

The organic sulphur content is shown in the graphs by the dot- 
dash line. While this does not run uniform from top to bottom of the 
seam the variations are not large. As compared with the very great 
changes in percentage of pyritic sulphur, the organic sulphur is 
cpiite uniform. The greatest divergence in any one section is from a 
minimum of 0.57 per cent to a maximum of 1.25 per cent. Consider¬ 
ing the mine as a whole, however, it cannot be said that the organic 
sulphur is constant and uniformly distributed, as the samples varied 
from this low percentage, 0.57, to as high as 2.10, thus showing the max¬ 
imum variation over the mine of one and a half per cent. The theory 
has been advanced that the organic sulphur content of a given bed of 
coal may be constant over large areas and characteristic of that par¬ 
ticular bed. The results of these investigations, however, would in¬ 
dicate that the uniformity of organic sulphur distribution is confined 
to very limited areas in the bed and that even for a single mine as 
a whole the variations in organic sulphur content may be considerable. 

The average percentages of the different forms of sulphur in the 
three natural benches of the coal are given in Table 2. It is to be 
noted that the coal below the blue band is somewhat lower in organic 
sulphur content than either the top or middle coal. 

It will be observed from the graphs that, though in general the top 
coal and bottom coal benches are much higher in total sulphur than 
the middle part of the bed, the pyritic sulphur and consequently the 
total sulphur locally is very erratic in occurrence, and, at some places 
sampled, sections of considerable thickness near the middle of the face 
are very high in sulphur. This is only partly explainable as due to 
chance inclusion, in a comparatively small section, of a large lens or 
band of pyrite. As a comparison of the graphs with the notes in 
Appendix I will show, some benches that showed no conspicuous 
concentrations of visible pyrite analyzed high in pyritic sulphur. 

The two samples of mother-coal taken at this mine were much 
higher than the average coal in pyritic sulphur and ash but very low in 
organic sulphur. These are samples of mother-coal partings about 
2y 2 in. thick, occurring near the roof. One was taken near the face 
of the first East South Entry near F on the map and the other at the 
face of the first West South Entry near L. 


Table 2 

Sulphur Forms in Top, Middle, and Bottom Benches op No. 0 Coal in 

Middlefork Mine 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 37 


Table 3 

Forms of Sulphur in Mother-Coal Samples 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


Sample No. 

Location 

Total 

Sulphur 

Pyritic 

Sulphur 

Organic 

Sulphur 

Ash 

56 

1st E. S. 

6.63 

6.62 

0.01 

39.3 

57 

1st W. S. 

20.85 

20.48 

0.37 

32.3 


Although the samples were very high in pyritic sulphur it was 
not apparent to the eye, and Sample No. 57 carrying 20.48 per cent 
pyritic sulphur was not conspicuously higher in visible pyrite than 
Sample No. 56 with only 6.62 per cent pyritic sulphur. 

There has been considerable speculation as to the composition and 
origin of mother-coal layers in coal beds. Other investigators who 
present analyses of this substance, have generally concluded that 
mother-coal, while different in composition from the adjacent coal in 
the same bed, is a good grade of fuel not appreciably higher in ash 
and sulphur content. E. A. Holbrook* gives the analysis of a sample 
taken from a y 2 - in. band of mother-coal in the No. 6 bed in 
Williamson County as follows: “Volatile matter, 9.75 per cent; 
fixed carbon, 87.47 per cent; ash, 1.72 per cent; and sulphur, 0.90 
per cent. This indicates that mother-coal is a high grade coal of 
different composition than the rest of the seam.” T. E. Savagef in 
discussing the vegetable matter of Illinois coal beds says that the 
mineral charcoal generally contains but little, if any, more ash than 
the average coal of the bed in which it occurs. Analysis of a sample 
of mother-coal and of a sample of ordinary coal, both from the No. 6 
bed in Williamson County, are given as follows: 

Volatile Matter Fixed Carbon Ash 

Coal . 34.91 . 52.03 . 10.72 

Mother-Coal . 23.96 . 64.28 . 10.18 

On the other hand the samples of mother-coal taken at the Middlefork 
mine in connection with the present work contained much larger 
percentages of both ash and pyritic sulphur than the average coal 
of the bed. In view of these divergent results it is impossible to make 
any generalizations. Additional information on the composition of 


* Univ. of Ill. Eng. Exp. Sta., Bui. 88, 62, 1916. 
t Journal of Geology 22, 76, 1914. 
























38 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


mother-coal is desirable. The most striking characteristic of the two 
samples examined is that they contained practically no organic 
sulphur. 


West Kentucky Coa 1 Co., Mines Nos. 7 and 8 

The No. 12 or Caney Fork seam in Kentucky, sampled at the No. 7 
mine of the West Kentucky Coal Company, is a high grade low sulphur 
coal used to a considerable extent as producer gas and by-product 
coal. This seam varies from 7 to 9 ft. in thickness and carries 
in most places a characteristic shaly bench, consisting of parallel bands 
of shale interbedded with coal and bone-coal, one third the height 
of the coal above the floor and varying from 6 to 12 in. in thickness. 
From 6 in. to 2 ft. of top coal is left up in the room to protect the 
roof. The moisture content of the coal from this mine averaged 6.21 
per cent. 

The visible pyrite occurs mainly as thin bands from the thickness 
of paper up to *4 in. with only occasional lenses and cat-faces. 
Sections at three places sampled showing occurrence of visible im¬ 
purities are given in Fig. 10. The lenses and cat-faces can be picked 
out to a certain extent, but the larger part of what pyrite occurs in 
this mine is too fine for hand-picking. 

The No. 9 coal sampled at Mine No. 8 has been correlated with the 
No. 5 bed mined in Saline County, Illinois. It has, at the No. 8 mine 
where sampled, a thickness of about 5 ft. It is higher in both 
sulphur and ash than the No. 12 coal and is sold only for steam and 
domestic fuel. Visible pyrite occurs mainly in the form of interbedded 
sheets or bands, varying in thickness up to 1 y 2 in. Those which are 
as much as % in. in thickness generally hold together well enough to 
be largely removed by hand-picking. A large proportion of the sul¬ 
phur that is concentrated in definite bands could probably be 
eliminated by washing. 

The data on distribution of sulphur in these beds, secured by 
analysis of the sectional samples taken, are presented graphically in 
Fig. 11, N, 0, P, Q, R, and S; and Fig. 13, U and V. The locations 
represented by Fig. 11 ; N, 0, P, Q, R, and S, referring to the No. 7 
mine, are shown by corresponding letters on the development map, 
Fig. 12. 

The great variations in pyritic sulphur content in the vertical 
span of the seam are shown most clearly in the graphs, where the un- 


7-0 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 39 


Boof 


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SfhR/ghf, east D/p 


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23 Top Boon? 
T/o/n R/se 


Fig. 10. Sections of Kentucky No. 12 Bed 








40 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


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Fig. 11. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in Coal Bed, Mine No. 7, 

West Kentucky Coal Co. 






























































































THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 41 



Fig. 12. Skeleton Map of Mine No. 7, West Kentucky Coal Co. 




























































42 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


Per Cent Su/phur 

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Fig. 13. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in Coal Bed, Mine No 8, 

West Kentucky Coal Co. 


broken line represents the pyritic sulphur content. At almost every 
place sampled in the No. 7 mine, the total sulphur and the pyritic 
sulphur content are considerably lower in the middle part of the bed 
than in the top and bottom coal. At each place the bed was divided 
into five approximately equal benches for sampling, and as a rule the 
middle bench was lowest in sulphur, the two adjacent above and below 
were higher, and the top coal and bottom coal were highest. At the 
two places where samples of the roof coal were taken, it proved to be 
higher in sulphur than any other part of the bed in the same location. 

The average sulphur content of the different benches of the seam 
throughout the mine are given in Table 4. Considering only that part 
of the seam which is mined, the upper section of an average thickness 
of 1 ft. 3 in. has an average sulphur content of 1.85 per cent. The 
bottom coal to an average height of 1 ft. 3 in. above the floor averages 
1.58 per cent sulphur, and the intervening middle part of the bed 
averaging about three and a half feet has an average sulphur content 
of 1.09 per cent. The weighted average of all the samples taken in the 
mine is 1.48 per cent sulphur and 9.12 per cent ash. 

Two sets of sectional samples taken in the No. 8 mine indicate 
that in this seam the highest total sulphur and pyritic sulphur content 
are in the bottom coal and that the sulphur content decreases more or 
less uniformly from the floor to the roof. 












































Table 4 

Average of Sulphur Forms in Benches of No. 12 Kentucky Bed 
West Kentucky Coal Co. Mine No. 7 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 



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44 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


The organic sulphur content is shown in the graphs by the dot- 
dash line. While this does not run uniform from top to bottom of 
the seam the variations, as shown in the graphs, are not large. As in 
the Illinois bed No. 6 coal, the organic sulphur content is quite uni¬ 
form. As compared with the very great changes in the percentage of 
pyritic sulphur, the greatest divergence in any one section in the No. 7 
mine is from a minimum of 0.72 per cent to a maximum of 0.97 per 
cent. A closer approach to uniformity of the values for organic 
sulphur in the different benches at a given location is not obtained 
by calculating organic sulphur content on a moisture, ash, and pyritic 
sulphur free basis. The fine disseminated pyrite like the organic sul¬ 
phur is much more uniform and constant in amount throughout the 
height or thickness of the bed than is the total pyritic sulphur. These 
two forms, the organic and the fine disseminated pyritic sulphur, may 
be regarded as very largely fixed or irremovable sulphur, the percentage 
of which is more or less constant and characteristic of the bed. The 
irregularities in the distribution of the total sulphur are due mainly 
to the concentration of pyrite in bands or lenses which, are largely 
removable by hand-picking or to a greater extent by washing. 

Mine No. 7 in the Caney Fork, or No. 12 seam, was sampled on 
June 17, 1918, by W. B. Plank of the United States Bureau of Mines 
to determine the suitability of this coal for bunker coal. At that time 
four channel face samples were taken and designated as follows: 
Sample G taken at the face of the tenth room, off second south entry, 
off the seventh right east dip entry, 3000 ft. east of the shaft; Sample 
H taken at the face of the twenty-fourth room, off third left, off the 
east dip entry, 1400 ft. northeast of the shaft; Sample I taken at the 
face of the eleventh room, off the fourteenth south entry, off the second 


Table 6 

Analyses of Kentucky Bed No. 12 Coal from Mine No. 7 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


Sample 

Moisture 

Volatile 

Fixed Carbon 

Ash 

Sulphur 

B. t. u. 

G 

4.49 

35.32 

49.97 

10.22 

1 .04 

12 540 

H 

4.61 

36.55 

51.67 

7.17 

1 .08 

13 010 

I 

6.78 

33.43 

46.39 

13.40 

1.21 

11 710 

J 

5.99 

33.06 

52.35 

6.60 

1.08 

12 900 

Average. 

5.47 

34.59 

50.09 

9.35 

1.10 

12 540 

























THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 45 

left main rise, 5100 ft. southeast of the shaft; and Sample J taken 
at the face of the third south entry, off the third left entry, off the 
main rise, 2800 ft. south of the shaft. Analyses of these samples are 
given in Table 6. 

14. Relation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur .—It is apparent 
from the graphs showing the distribution of the sulphur forms that 
in the beds examined organic sulphur is not concentrated around or 
associated with segregations of iron pyrite, as the curves for organic 
and pyritic sulphur show no similarity. A high pyrite content is not 
accompanied by high organic sulphur content. On the contrary, in 
the majority of cases, in going from one bench or section of the bed 
to the next one adjacent above or below, an increase in pyritic sulphur 
is accompanied by a decrease in organic sulphur and vice versa. This 
is true almost without exception in the north half of the Middlefork 
mine, where the samples secured averaged much higher in sulphur 
than in the south side of the mine. This can hardly be interpreted as 
supporting the idea that organic sulphur contributes to the formation 
of pyritic sulphur, however, as this tendency is not nearly so evident 
in the south side of this mine nor in the other two mines examined. 

These graphs show how important is the element of organic sulphur 
in coal and what large proportion of the total sulphur of these coals 
it makes up. Of the thirty samples collected in the West Kentucky 
No. 7 mine, in only seven does the pyritic sulphur content exceed the 
organic sulphur content. Organic sulphur, which is often considered 
as constituting a negligible percentage of the total sulphur of coal, 
exceeds the pyritic sulphur in twenty-three samples out of the thirty 
collected in this mine. In the No. 8 mine of this company, the coal 
is higher in organic than in pyritic sulphur in five of the eight samples 
collected. Of sixty-six regular bench samples collected in the Middle- 
fork mine, twenty-one carried more organic than pyritic sulphur. 

The total sulphur in the average for the No. 7 mine is distributed 
between the pyritic and organic forms as follows: 


Per cent 


Pyritic sulphur 
Organic sulphur 
Sulphate sulphur 


. .47.3 
. .52.7 
Trace 





46 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


For the average of the samples collected in No. 8 mine the proportions 
are: 

Per cent 


Pyritic sulphur .47.7 

Organic sulphur .52.3 

Sulphate sulphur . Trace 


At the Middlefork mine the distribution is as follows: 

Ter cent 


Pyritic sulphur .60.5 

Organic sulphur .39.5 

Sulphate sulphur . Trace 


The sulphate sulphur content of the coal from each of these mines 
is less than 0.02 per cent in the freshly mined samples. 

The graphs of Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 17 were plotted to show any 
possible relation that might exist in the occurrence of pyritic and 
of organic sulphur. The pyritic sulphur values were plotted as ab¬ 
scissas and per cent organic sulphur as ordinates. Fig. 14, repre- 



Fig. 14. Relation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur in the North 

Half of Middlefork Mine 

senting the samples taken in the north side of the Middlefork mine, 
shows a general tendency toward lower organic sulphur in the samples 
high in pyrite. The other graphs, however, show no definite tendency 
either way in the other half of this mine or in the other two mines 








































Crpnn/c Su/phur/n Per Cent Orp&t?/e Sc//pt?vr /n Per Cer / 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 47 



Fig. 15. Relation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur in the South 

Half of Middlefork Mine 


































































































» 8< 

° 

i 

oo ( 

> o 


c 


cr 


























O / a 3 4- S 6 7 8 

Pc/r/t/c Su/phur /n Per Cent 

Fig. 16. Relation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur in Mine No. 7, 

West Kentucky Coal Co. 






























































48 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


examined. On the whole the data secured cannot be interpreted as 
showing any definite relationship between organic sulphur and pyritic 
sulphur. 







• 













































1 








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Fig. 17. Relation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur in Mine No. 8, 

West Kentucky Coal Co. 


8 


In order to secure additional data on the possible relation of 
organic sulphur to pyritic sulphur, a number of special samples were 
taken of coal immediately surrounding or interbedded with bands or 
cat-faces of pyrite. These samples were found to be about average 
or below the average in organic sulphur content. There is no evidence 
of a concentration of organic sulphur in the coal immediately adjacent 
to pyrite inclusions. Description and analyses of these samples are 
given in Table 7. 

























Table 7 

Sulphur Forms in Samples High in Pyrite 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 49 


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50 ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 

15. Forms of Sulphur in Raw and, Washed Coals .—It is evident 
that if organic sulphur segregates with or is concentrated around 
pieces of pyrite, bone-coal, or shale, which are all of higher specific 
gravity than the coal itself, it will be removed along with these im¬ 
purities as the refuse in the washing operation. On the other hand, 
if the occurrence of organic sulphur is independent of the distribution 
of these impurities, their separation should not greatly affect the 
amount of organic sulphur found in the washed coal, except as a slight 
increase due to the removal of non-coal impurities, inorganic in nature 
and containing no organic sulphur. This increase in the organic 
sulphur content of the washed coal would of course be dependent 
upon the amount of inorganic impurities removed, and only in un¬ 
usual cases would the increase be appreciable. 

In order to obtain data on this question and on the forms of 
sulphur in raw and washed coal, seven samples of run of mine raw 
coal were obtained at the Middlefork mine, in addition to the face 
samples collected in the mine. Each raw coal sample represents a 
day’s production for the mine, which varies between 2400 and 2800 
tons. A sample of washed coal representing one day’s operation of 
the washery, on an average day, was secured for the purpose of com¬ 
paring the forms of sulphur present in the raw and the washed coal. 
Table 8 shows the forms of sulphur present in the raw and the washed 
coal from the Middlefork mine and washery, together with the average 
for the face samples collected in the mine. 

Table 8 shows the average sulphur values for about 17 500 tons of 
coal representing seven days’ production. The sulphur content varies 


Table 8 

Forms of Sulphur in Raw and Washed Coals from the Middlefork Mine 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


Sample No. 

Total Sulphur 

Pyritic Sulphur 

Organic Sulphur 

72 Raw Coal. 

3.68 

2.42 

1.26 

73 Raw Coal. 

3.20 

1 .90 

1.30 

74 Raw Coal. 

3.22 

1.99 

1.23 

75 Raw Coal. 

3.59 

2.07 

1.52 

76 Raw Coal. 

3.33 

1.93 

1.40 

77 Raw Coal. 

3.27 

2.08 

1.19 

78 Raw Coal. 

2.77 

1.55 

1.22 

Average for raw coal. 

3.29 

1.99 

1.30 

Average of face samples for mine. 

3.30 

1.94 

1.38 

Washed coal. 

2.25 

0.92 

1.33 

Refuse. 

13.45 






























I 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 51 

from day to day, but the monthly average for total sulphur is about 3.25 
per cent. The average of samples 72 and 78 inclusive, here shown as 
3.29 per cent sulphur, therefore represents closely the average produc¬ 
tion of the mine for total sulphur. Attention is directed to the com¬ 
parison of the average values for the different forms of sulphur in the 
run of mine coal with the average for the sectional face samples col¬ 
lected in the mine. For total sulphur the values are 3.29 and 3.30 per 
cent, for pyritic sulphur 1.99 and 1.94 per cent, and for organic 
sulphur 1.30 and 1.38 per cent, respectively. This indicates that the 
sectional face samples collected in the mine are, as a whole, repre¬ 
sentative of the mine production. 

It is interesting to note that the values for organic sulphur in 
the run of mine raw coal, and in the sample washed coal, are nearly 
identical; namely, 1.30 per cent for the raw coal and 1.33 per cent 
for the washed coal. These figures are shown in Table 8 given above. 
Though the washed coal sample does not necessarily represent the 
product obtained by washing the identical coal of the run of mine 
samples, these figures must be taken to show that little or no organic 
sulphur is removed by the washing process. 

Similar data* have been secured as to the effect of washing on 
forms and distribution of sulphur on two other coals. Table 9 shows 
the results for a coal from White County, Tennessee, and for samples 
representing a day’s run at a 1200 ton commercial washery in 
Williamson County, Illinois. The five washed coals are the various 
trade sizes produced at this washery. 


Table 9 

Forms of Sulphur in Raw and Washed Coals 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


Source and Grade of Coal 

Total 

Sulphur 

Pyritic 

Sulphur 

Sulphate 

Sulphur 

Organic 

Sulphur 

White County, Tennessee: 





Raw coal.'. 

4.87 

3.59 

0.11 

1.17 

Table-washed coal. 

3.02 

1.84 

less than0.01 

1.18 

Jig-washed coal. 

Williamson County, Illinois: 

3.80 

2.61 

.... 

1.19 

Raw coal. 

1.83 

1.04 

Trace 

0.79 

No. 1 washed coal. 

1.81 

1.05 


0.76 

No. 2 washed coal. 

1.56 

0.78 


0.78 

No. 3 washed coal. 

1.57 

0.82 


0.75 

No. 4 washed coal. ... 

1.57 

0.81 


0.76 

No. 5 washed coal. 

2.33 

1.57 


0.76 


* Fraser and Yancey, Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bui. 153, 1822, 1919. 


























04 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


These results indicate that only pyritic and sulphate sulphur 
are removed by washing. Iron sulphate resulting from the oxidation 
of pyrite is soluble in the wash water. Gypsum occurring in thin 
plates is difficult to separate with the refuse. From these considera¬ 
tions it is believed that the sulphate sulphur of the White County, 
Tennessee, raw coal resulted from the oxidation of pyrite, rather than 
from the presence of calcium sulphate, since sulphate sulphur is 
almost entirely absent in the clean washed coal. 

An inspection of Tables 8 and 9 indicates that organic sulphur 
is distributed more or less uniformly through the coal substance and 
that it is not concentrated with or around the pyrite or shale deposits, 
or other heavy material which is removed by coal dressing processes 
such as washing. The values for organic sulphur in the washed coal 
agree quite closely with the organic sulphur content of the corre¬ 
sponding raw coal. There is no marked evidence of noticeably higher 
values for this sulphur form in the washed products than in the 
raw coals, because none of the three coals listed in the tables ran 
abnormally high in non-coal impurities, the removal of which would 
cause an appreciable concentration of organic sulphur in the washed 
coal. Because of the presence of large amounts of such impurities 
in the raw coal, washed coal sometimes contains a higher percentage of 
total sulphur than the original raw coal. 

In estimating the washability of a coal the organic sulphur con¬ 
tent is an important consideration. The chief value in experimental 
coal washing of the determination of this constituent lies in finding 
a value below which there can be no reduction of sulphur content by 
mechanical processes of separation. For example, if the coal from a 
given mine averages two per cent total sulphur and one per cent 
organic sulphur, it would of course be impossible to secure a washed 
product carrying less than one per cent sulphur. Although this is a 
self evident fact, it is of such importance in determining the wash- 
ability of a coal that attention is directed to it. Furthermore, in all 
coals a part of the pyritic sulphur will remain in the washed coal, 
the amount depending, as has already been pointed out, upon the 
physical form in which the pyrite occurs in that particular coal. Thus 
in every case the minimum sulphur content that may be obtained in 
the clean coal is well above the organic sulphur content of the raw 
coal. All the pyrite occurring in the form of microscopic particles, 
and a large part of that included under the classification “fine dis- 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 


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54 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


seminated pyrite, ” is not removable, and for practical purposes in 
connection with coal washing may be considered as fixed sulphur. 

16. Organic Sulphur in Various Coals .—The relatively high 
proportion of sulphur occurring in the organic form in many coals 
has not been generally recognized. Table 10 shows the total, pyritic, 
and organic sulphur values for a number of well known coals rep¬ 
resenting both Eastern and Central District fields. For each coal the 
percentage of the total sulphur in organic combination is tabulated. 
It will be noted that the percentage of the total sulphur present as 
organic sulphur varies from 20.4 per cent in a coal from Clearfield 
County, Pennsylvania, to 83.7 per cent in a coal from McDowell 
County, West Virginia. 

17. Microscopic Pyrite .—At the Middlefork mine six samples of 
coal were taken for the examination of the microscopic pyritic sulphur. 

The thin cross-section and photographs of these samples were made 
at the Pittsburgh Station of the Bureau of Mines by Dr. Reinhardt 
Thiessen, Microscopist of the Bureau of Mines, who has made a study of 
the microscopic forms of sulphur in various Eastern and Central District 
coals.* All of the coals that he examined were found to contain vary¬ 
ing amounts of sulphur in the form of very small globules or particles 
of pyrite. ‘ ‘ These particles are seen in thin section as roughly rounded 
opaque dots. When isolated, they are generally shown to be roughly 
spherical in shape with a rough outer surface. They vary in diameter 
from a few microns to a hundred micronsf, the majority measuring 
from 25 to 40 microns, relatively few exceed the latter diameter; they 
are therefore very small objects. . . . The amount of pyrite occurring 
in this form varies considerably in different beds from which coals 
have been examined, and also in different samples from the same 
bed, or even in different parts of the same section. A section without 
these pyrite particles is rarely obtained. So far, no regularity has 
been discovered.” Photographs of the thin sections made from the 
Middlefork coal samples are shown in Figs. 18 to 24. The photographs 
are all magnified approximately 200 times. The microscopic pyrite 
is represented by black areas, more or less circular in shape, with a 

* Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Bui. 153, 2431, 1919. 

t A micron is the thousandth part of a millimeter or one twenty-five thousandth of an 

inch. 




Fig. 18. Microphotographs of Samples of Illinois No. 6 Coal, 

Showing Microscopic Pyrite 




















Fig. 19 . Microphotographs of Samples of Illinois No. 6 Coal, 

Showing Microscopic Pyrite 





























Fig. 20. Microphotographs of Samples of Illinois No. 6 Coal, 

Showing Microscopic Pyrite 

















Fig. 21. Microphotographs of Samples of Illinois No. 6 Coal, 

Showing Microscopic Pyrite 












Fig. 22. Microphotographs of Samples of Illinois No. 6 Coal, 

Showing Microscopic Pyrite 














Fig. 23 . Microphotographs of Samples of Illinois No. 6 Coal, 

Showing Microscopic Pyrite 




Fig. 24. Microphotographs of Samples of Illinois No. 6 Coal, 

Showing Microscopic Pyrite 








































THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 63 


streak on one or more sides. The streak was made during the prep¬ 
aration of the thin cross-section and, of course, is not originally present 
in the coal. The photographs are cross-sections, that is, they are 
perpendicular to the bedding. 

The pyrite globules vary in diameter from a few microns to 
about 60 microns. The average diameter is 20 microns. Since the 
opening in a 100-mesh standard screen is 147 microns it will be seen 
that a 100-mesh grain of coal might contain a considerable number 
of such globules. 

Samples of the top and middle benches of the coal were taken for 
this work. Five photographs were made of sections of the top coal. 
Two of these photographs are included here, Figs. 18 and 19. The 
top coal showed less microscopic pyrite than any of the samples of 
middle coal, though in the great majority of cases, it is higher in total 
and pyritic sulphur than the middle coal. Either the samples of top 
coal were not representative of this condition, or a smaller amount of 
the pyritic sulphur of the top coal occurs in the microscopic form. 

The middle coal shown in Figs. 20 and 21 was taken at the same 
location as the top coal. The face at this location was not visibly high 
in sulphur. Cat-faces and bands and veinlets of pyrite were not un¬ 
usually numerous. However, samples of middle coal shown in Figs. 
22, 23, and 24 were taken at a location which was visibly somewhat 
higher in pyrite, and the photographs show this condition with respect 
to microscopic pyrite. The average for this location is represented 
in Fig. 23. 


64 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


V. Summary of Conclusions 

A study of the data given in this bulletin suggests the following 
summary of conclusions. 

18. Distribution of Pyritic Sulphur. —Extreme irregularity of 
distribution is characteristic of the pyritic sulphur of coal in the bed. 

1. The irregularities in the distribution of total sulphur are 
due mainly to the concentration of pyritic sulphur in coarse 
bands or lenses. 

2. Fine disseminated pyrite is much more uniformly dis¬ 
tributed than is coarse pyrite. 

3. Microscopic pyrite was found in all the samples examined. 
The amount of pyritic sulphur in this form cannot be accurately 
determined because it varies widely even in the same thin section. 

19. Distribution of Organic Sulphur. —As compared with the 
very great changes in pyritic sulphur content the vertical distribution 
of organic sulphur at a given location in the same bed is cpiite uni¬ 
form. The results of this investigation, however, would indicate that 
in high sulphur coals the uniformity of organic sulphur distribution 
is confined to very limited areas in the bed, and that taking even a 
single mine as a whole the variations in organic sulphur content may 
be considerable, although it is much more uniformly distributed than 
is the pyritic sulphur. In low sulphur coals the variations in the 
distribution of organic sulphur are less and the values obtained for 
organic sulphur approach uniformity, even for considerable areas. 

20. Delation of Pyritic and Organic Sulphur. —There is little 
evidence of a definite relationship in the occurrence of organic and 
pyritic sulphur. High pyritic sulphur in a bench or section of a bed 
is not indicative of a correspondingly high organic sulphur content. 

The proportion of the total sulphur that is in organic combination 
in various coals (Table 10) varies within wide limits. In low sulphur 
coals organic sulphur makes up a greater percentage of the total sul¬ 
phur content than it does in high sulphur coals. 

Organic sulphur makes up a greater proportion of the total sul¬ 
phur content of coal than is generally recognized. In the 104 face 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 65 


samples taken in three coal beds, organic sulphur exceeded pyritic in 
49 samples. 

21. Practical Applications .—In estimating the washability of a 
coal the organic sulphur content is an important consideration. The 
chief value in experimental coal washing of the determination of this 
constituent lies in finding a value below which there can he no reduc¬ 
tion of sulphur content by mechanical processes of separation, since 
the organic sulphur content of coal is not reduced by such methods. 
Furthermore, in all coals a part of the pyritic sulphur will remain 
in the washed coal, the amount depending upon the physical form in 
which the pyrite occurs in that particular coal. Thus in every case 
the minimum sulphur content that may be obtained in the clean coal is 
well above the organic sulphur content. All of the pyritic sulphur oc¬ 
curring in the form of microscopic pyrite, and a large part of that 
included under the classification of “fine disseminated pyrite,” is not 
removable, and for practical purposes in connection with coal washing 
may be considered as “fixed” sulphur. 

The organic sulphur content of some coals is sufficiently high to 
limit seriously the extent to which these coals can be cleaned of sulphur 
by washing. 

In some coal beds partial concentration of the pyritic sulphur 
in the form of thick bands or lenses at certain definite horizons 
makes it possible to clean the coal by selective mining or hand-picking. 


66 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


APPENDIX I 

Tables Showing Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples 

United States Fuel Co., Middlefork Mine, Illinois, No. 6 Bed.—The 
following Tables A to L give the figures for total sulphur, organic 
sulphur, total pyritic sulphur, and fine disseminated pyritic sulphur 
in the sectional samples taken at the Middlefork mine near Benton, 
Illinois. These same data have been presented graphically in Fig. 1, 
Charts A, B, C, D, E, and F, and in Fig. 2, Charts G, H, I, J, K, and 
L, lettered to correspond with the designation of the tables. The loca¬ 
tions at which the samples were taken in the mine are shown by corre¬ 
sponding letters on the map, Fig. 9. Table M gives the weighted 
average of the forms of sulphur for the bed at the various locations in 
the Middlefork mine. Below the analyses of each section is given, 
in parentheses, a statement of the visible impurities occurring in the 
section. These impurities were included in the sample except where 
otherwise specified. 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 


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ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


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Location of section shown on mine map at (B); data shown graphically in Fig. 6B. Total thickness of bed, 6 ft. 9H i 






















THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 69 


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Note: Location of section shown on mine map at (C); data shown graphically in Fig. 6C. Total thickness of bed, 7 ft. 1in. 























Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples 
Middlefork Mine—Illinois Bed No. 6 
Face of Main North Back Entry 
Value's given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 29 


IV. Data and Discussion 

13. Distribution of Forms of Sulphur in the Coal Bed .—The 
data on the distribution of the total sulphur, organic sulphur, total 
pyritic sulphur, and fine disseminated sulphur content through the 
vertical section of the bed at various places in the three mines exam¬ 
ined are shown graphically by means of charts, Pigs. 6, 7, 11, and 13. 
The exact figures for the percentage of each form of sulphur in each 
bench at each place where a sample was taken are given in tabular 
form, with a description of the visible impurities in each bench, in 
Appendix I. 

In the charts, distance from the roof or top of the coal is laid 
off on the ordinate axis and the percentages of total, pyritic, and 
organic sulphur are laid off as abscissas. The dash line represents 
total sulphur, the unbroken line pyritic sulphur, the dot-dash line 
organic sulphur, and the dotted line fine disseminated pyritic sulphur. 
The straight vertical lines showing per cent sulphur represent the 
average values for the forms of sulphur in benches whose relative 
thicknesses are represented b}^ the lengths of the lines. The hori¬ 
zontal offsets in these vertical lines are due to variations in the values 
for the forms of sulphur occurring in adjacent benches, and do not 
mean that the sulphur content changes abruptly at these points. The 
sulphur percentages plotted in the graphs represent values for 
moisture-free coal. 


Middlefork Mine 

The No. 6 coal at the Middlefork mine near Benton, Illinois, 
averages about 7 ft. in thickness, though it varies from 6y 2 to 
over 8 ft. It shows everywhere the characteristic shale blue 
band of the No. 6 coal, from 9 in. to a foot and a half above the 

floor. In some places in this mine the blue band is pyrite or 

shale impregnated with pyrite grains. A sample of the blue band 

analyzed 6.39 per cent sulphur and 84.4 per cent ash. The seam 

here divides naturally into three benches, the lower bench separated 
from the middle bench by the blue band and the upper bench or top 
coal usually separated from the middle part of the bed by a very 
thin parting of charcoal or mother-coal, or simply by a well defined 


30 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


Roof 


Roof 

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B/ue Bond 


T/?/rd Bosz 


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Fig. 5. Sections of Illinois No. 6 Bed 


bedding plane from 12 to 18 in. below the roof. Typical sections 
of the No. 6 bed showing the occurrence of coarse pyrite infiltrations 
and other visible impurities at three locations where samples were 
taken are given in Fig. 6. The moisture content of the coal from this 
mine averaged 6.45 per cent. 

The pyrite occurs chiefly in the form of cat-faces, small flakes or 
plates and joint fissures, and thin bands less than *4 in. in thickness. 
Some thicker bands and lenses of solid pyrite also are found, but a 
large proportion is in the form of very thin bands, veinlets, or plates 
of a cellular or friable structure, so that it is very difficult to separate 
from the coal by hand-picking, and it slimes badly when crushed for 
washing. 













Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples 
Middlefork Mine—Illinois Bed No. 6 
Thirty Feet Out by Face of Third North, off First East North Entry 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 71 


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Note: Location of section shown on the mine map at (E); data shown graphically in Fig. 7E. Total thickness of^bed, 7 ft. 3 in. Top coal not 




















ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 73 


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Table 


74 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


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Forms op Sulphur in Sectional Samples 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 75 



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Forms of Sulphur in Sectional 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 77 


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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 79 


Table M 

Forms op Sulphur in Sectional Samples 
Middlefork Mine—Illinois Bed No. 6 
Average of Bed for Various Locations 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


Section 

Location 

Total 

Sulphur 

Pyritic 

Sulphur 

Organic 

Sulphur 

Ash 

1 

10 N„ 1 W. N. 

3.88 

2.12 

1.76 

13.3 

2 

7 N., 1 W. N. 

3.72 

1.82 

1.90 

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3 

4 N., 1 W. N. 

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1.65 

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4 

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1.36 

11.6 

5 

3 N., 1 E. N. 

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2.95 

1.27 

11.5 

Average for 

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1.59 

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6 

10 N., 1 E. S. 

1.35 

0.66 

0.69 

8.3 

7 

5 S„ 1 E. S. 

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1.22 

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8 

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4.01 

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1.86 

11.4 

9 

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1.43 

1.85 

10.4 

10 

5 S„ 1 W. S. 

4.26 

2.57 

1.69 

11.6 

11 

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2.20 

1.30 

0.90 

8.6 

12 

10 N. t 1 W. S. 

1.75 

0.93 

0.82 

8.2 

Average for 

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2.70 

1.46 

1.24 

9.7 

Average for 

Mine. 

3.30 

1.92 

1.38 

10.7 


West Kentucky Coal Co. No. 7 Mine, Kentucky No. 12 Bed.— 
Tables N to S inclusive give the figures for the forms of sulphur in 
the sectional samples taken at the No. 7 mine of the West Kentucky 
Coal Company. Corresponding letters are used to designate the 
graphs in the text. Fig. 11, N, 0, P, Q, R, and S, which present the 
same data and designate on the mine map, Fig. 12, locations at which 
the samples were taken. Table V gives the weighted average of the 
forms of sulphur for the bed at the various locations in the No. 7 
mine. 

West Kentucky No. 8 Mine, Kentucky No. 9 Coal.—Tables T and 
U give the forms of sulphur in the sectional samples taken in the No. 8 
mine of the West Kentucky Coal Co. Fig. 13, T and U, show the 
same data in graphical form. 
























80 


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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 81 


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Forms of Sulphur in Sectional Samples 


TIIE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 83 




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84 


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Total thickness of bed, 4 ft. 10 in. 2 ft. 0 in. of top coal not sampled. 





















in Sectional Samples 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 


85 


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1.28 

1.07 

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Vertical 
Thickness 
Ft. In. 

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86 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


75 

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Note: Total thickness of bed, 5 ft. 0 in. 
















Table 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 


of 



Ci 




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£ 


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88 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


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THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 89 


APPENDIX II 
Sink and Float Tests 

Sink and Float Tests on Bench Samples.—Tables 11, 12, and 
13 give the results of sink and float tests on the samples taken at two 
places in the No. 7 mine, two places in the No. 8 mine, and four places 
in the Middlefork mine. A zinc chloride solution of a specific gravity 
of 1.40 was used and the samples were crushed to ^-in. maximum size. 

This test is often used as a preliminary washing test. The pro¬ 
portion of float coal and its ash and sulphur content give a general 
indication of what may be recovered as washed coal. The sink and 
float test gives a more perfect gravity separation than the commercial 
coal washing methods. For that reason washing can not be expected 
to result in both as high recovery of washed coal and as great a re¬ 
duction in impurities as the sink and float test. It approaches these 
results more or less closely, depending upon the efficiency and suitabil¬ 
ity of the process used. 

A solution of 1.35 specific gravity is more commonly used for 
this test, but this is varied to suit the characteristics of the coal. In 
this case a solution of 1.35 specific gravity gave an unwarrantably 
high proportion of sink. The specific gravity of two representative 
100-gm. samples of this coal from the No. 7 mine, determined by a 
volumetric method, were 1.319 and 1.313. The specific gravity of a 
composite sample of the Middlefork coal including all samples on 
which sink and float tests were made was 1.325. A solution of 1.35 
specific gravity was considered too close to this figure to be suitable 
for the sink and float test. 

The float coal of sample 20 from the No. 7 mine was considerably 
higher in sulphur content than the raw coal; this is explained by 
the fact that the sample contained a large amount of ash in the 
form of coarse shale bands. The sink and float test therefore re¬ 
sulted in the removal of a large amount of heavy inorganic matter 
which was low in sulphur, leaving the sulphur concentrated in the 
float coal. The sink amounted to 46.6 per cent of the sample and 
carried only 0.66 per cent sulphur, while the sulphur content of 
raw coal was 0.97 per cent. Similar results are sometimes secured in 
coal washing practice for the same reason. 


Table 11 

Sink and Float Tests on Samples from Mine No. 7; West Kentucky Coal Co. 

At 0-in. to ^-in. size, 011 solution of 1.40 sp. gr. 

\ 

Values given in table in per cent, on a moisture-free basis 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 

























Table 12 

Sink and Float Tests on Samples from Mine No. 8, West Kentucky Coal Co. 


THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORMS OF SULPHUR IN THE COAL BED 


91 


d 

VI 


00 

• — 
X 

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92 


ILLINOIS ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION 


J5 

I 


w 

a 

o 

ft 

ft 

ft 

ft 

ft 

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K 

Eh 

i— 

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rH 

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CO 









































PUBLICATIONS OF THE ILLINOIS COAL MINING INVESTIGATIONS 


Bulletin 1. 

None available. 

Bulletin 2. 

None available. 

Bulletin 3. 
Bulletin 4. 


Preliminary Report on Organization and Method of Investigations. 1913. 
Coal Mining Practice in District VIII (Danville), by S. O. Andros. 1913. 


Chemical Study of Illinois Coals, by S. W. Parr. 1916. None available. 

Coal Mining Practice in District VII (Mines in bed 6 in Bond, Clinton, 
Christian, Macoupin, Madison, Marion, Montgomery, Moultrie, Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, 
Sangamon, Shelby, and Washington counties), by S. O. Andros. 1914. None available. 

Bulletin 5. Coal Mining Practice in District I (Longwall), by S. O. Andros. 1914% 
None available. 

Bulletin 6 . Coal Mining Practice in District V (Mines in bed 5 in Saline and Gallatin 
counties), by S. O. Andros. 1914. Free upon request. 

Bulletin 7. Coal Mining Practice in District II (Mines in bed 2 in Jackson County), 
by S. O. Andros. 1914. Free upon request. 

Bulletin 8 . Coal Mining Practice in District VI (Mines in bed 6 in Franklin, Jackson, 
Perry, and Williamson counties), by S. O. Andros. 1914. Free upon request. 

Bulletin 9. Coal Mining Practice in District III (Mines in beds 1 and 2 in Brown, 
Calhoun, Cass, Fulton, Greene, Hancock, Henry, Jersey, Knox, McDonough, Mercer, Morgan, 
Rock Island, Schuyler, Scott, and Warren counties), by S. O. Andros. 1915. Free upon 
request. 

Bulletin 10. Coal Resources of District I (Longwall), by G. H. Cady. 1915. None 
available. 

Bulletin 11. Coal Resources of District VII (Counties listed in Bulletin 4), by Fred H. 
Kay. 1915. None available. 

Bulletin 12. Coal Mining Practice in District IV (Mines in bed 5 in Cass, DeWitt, 
Fulton, Knox, Logan, Macon, Mason, McLean, Menard, Peoria, Sangamon, Schuyler, Tazewell, 
and Woodford counties), by S. O. Andros. 1915. Free upon request. 

Bulletin 13. Coal Mining in Illinois, by S. O. Andros. 1915. Free upon request. 

Bulletin 14. Coal Resources of District VIII (Danville), by Fred H. Kay and K. D. 
White. 1915. Postage four cents. 

Bulletin 15. Coal Resources of District VI, by G. H. Cady. 1916. Fifteen rents. 

Bulletin 16. Coal Resources of District II, by G. H. Cady. 1917. Fifteen cents. 

Bulletin 17. Surface Subsidence in Illinois Resulting from Coal Mining, by L. E. 
Young. 1916. Mailing weight, one pound. 

Bulletin 18. Tests on Clay Materials Available in Illinois Coal Mines, by R. T. Stull 
and R. K. Hursh. 1917. Mailing weight, one pound. 

Bulletin 19. Coal Resources of District V, by G. H, Cady, 1919. Mailing weight, 
one pound. 

Bulletin 20. Carbonization of Illinois Coals in Inclined Gas Retorts, by F. K. Ovitz. 
1918. Postage two cents. 

Bulletin 21. The Manufacture of Retort Coal-Gas in the Central States, Using Low- 
Sulphur Coal from Illinois, Indiana, and Western Kentucky, by W. A. Dunkley and W. W. 
Odell. 1918. Postage two cents. 

Bulletin 22. Water-Gas Manufacture with Central District Bituminous Coals as Gen¬ 
erator Fuel, by W. W. Odell and W. A. Dunkley. 1918. Postage two cents. 



94 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ILLINOIS COAL MINING INVESTIGATIONS 


Bulletin 23. Mines Producing Low-Sulphur Coal in the Central District, by G. H. 
Cady. 1919. Postage two cents. 

Bulletin 24. Water-Gas Operating Methods with Central District Bituminous Coals as 
Generator Fuel, by W. A. Dunlcley and W. W. Odell. 1919. Postage two cents. 

Bulletin 25. Gas Purification in the Medium-size Gas Plants of Illinois, by W. A. 
Dunkley and C. E. Barnes. 1920. Postage four cents. 

“Bulletin 72. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Occurrence of Explosive Gases in Coal Mines, by 
N. H. Darton. 1915. Thirty-five cents. 

'Bulletin 83. U. S. Bureau of Mines, The Humidity of Mine Air, by R. Y. Williams. 

1914. Ten cents. 

‘'Bulletin 99. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Mine Ventilation Stoppings, by R. Y. Williams. 

1915. 

"Bulletin 102. U. S. Bureau of Mines, The Inflammability of Illinois Coal Dusts, by J. 
K. Clement and L. A. Scholl, Jr. 1916. 

'Bulletin 137. U. S. Bureau of Mines, The Use of Permissible Explosives in the Coal 
Mines of Illinois, by Janies R. Fleming and John ^V. Koster. 1917. 

"Bulletin 138. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Coking of Illinois Coals, by F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 
Twenty cents. 

Technical Paper 190. U. S. Bureau of Mines, Methane Accumulations from Inter¬ 
rupted Ventilation, with Special Reference to Coal Mines in Illinois and Indiana, by 
Howard ,T. Smith and Robert J. Hamon, 1918. 

Bulletin 91. Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, Subsidence Re¬ 
sulting from Mining, by L. E. Young and H. H. Stoelc. 1916. None available. 

Bulletin 100. Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, The Percentage 
of Extraction of Bituminous Coal, with Special Reference to Illinois Conditions, by C. M. 
Young. 1917. Free upon request. 

Bulletin 113. Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, Panel System of 
Coal Mining, A Graphical Study of Percentages of Extraction, by C. M. Young. 1919. Free 
upon request. 

Bulletin 119. Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, Some Conditions 
Affecting the Usefulness of Iron Oxide for City Gas Purification, by W. A. Dunkley. 1921. 
Free upon request. 

Bulletin 125. Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, The Distribution 
of the Forms of Sulphur in the Coal Bed, by H. F. Yancey and Thomas Fraser. 1921. Free 
upon request. 


* Copies may be obtained by addressing the Director, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, 


D. C. 





























































































THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
THE STATE UNIVERSITY 
Urbana 

David Kinley, Ph.D., LL.D., President 


THE UNIVERSITY INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING DEPARTMENTS: 

The Graduate School 

The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (Ancient and Modern Languages and 
Literatures; History, Economics, Political Science, Sociology; Philosophy, 
Psychology, Education; Mathematics; Astronomy; Geology; Physics; Chem¬ 
istry; Botany, Zoology, Entomology; Physiology; Art and Design) 

The College of Commerce and Business Administration (General Business, Bank¬ 
ing, Insurance, Accountancy, Railway Administration, Foreign Commerce; 
Courses for Commercial Teachers and Commercial and Civic Secretaries) 

The College of Engineering (Architecture; Architectural, Ceramic, Civil, Electrical, 
Mechanical, Mining, Municipal and Sanitary, and Railway Engineering; 
General Engineering Physics) 

The College of Agriculture (Agronomy; Animal Husbandry; Dairy Husbandry; 
Horticulture and Landscape Gardening; Agricultural Extension; Teachers’ 
Course; Home Economics) 

The College of Law (Three-year and four-year curriculums based on two years and 
one year of college work respectively) 

The College of Education (including the Bureau of Educational Research) 

The Curriculum in Journalism 

The Curriculums in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 
The School of Railway Engineering and Administration 
The School of Music (four-year curriculum) 

The Library School (two-year curriculum for college graduates) 

The College of Medicine (in Chicago) 

The College of Dentistry (in Chicago) 

The School of Pharmacy (in Chicago; Ph.G. and Ph.C. curriculums) 

The Summer Session (eight weeks) 

Experiment Stations and Scientific Bureaus: U. S. Agricultural Experiment Sta¬ 
tion; Engineering Experiment Station; State Laboratory of Natural History; 
State Entomologist’s Office; Biological Experiment Station on Illinois River; 
State Water Survey; State Geological Survey; U. S. Bureau of Mines Experi¬ 
ment Station. 

The library collections contain (April 1, 1921) 490,274 volumes and 116,663 pam¬ 
phlets. 

For catalogs and information address 

THE REGISTRAR 

Urbana, Illinois 




